Screening of peat soil bacterial isolates producing antibacterial compounds against Salmonella Typhi and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli

Munawarah Fuaddah; Dede Mahdiyah; Risyda Komaliya; Putri Vidiasari Darsono

doi:10.71357/hsij.v4i2.108

Authors

Munawarah Fuaddah Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Sari Mulia, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
Dede Mahdiyah Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Sari Mulia, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
Risyda Komaliya Department of Pharmacy Profession, Universitas Sari Mulia, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
Putri Vidiasari Darsono Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Sari Mulia, Banjarmasin, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.71357/hsij.v4i2.108

Keywords:

Salmonella Typhi, ESBL-producing Escherichia coli, Antibacterial, Peat soil, MIC

Abstract

Background: Peat soil, with its acidic pH and high organic content, supports diverse microorganisms capable of producing secondary metabolites with potential antibacterial activity. These compounds may serve as new sources for antimicrobial development.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial potential of bacterial isolates from peat soil against Salmonella typhi and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli.

Method: Bacterial isolation was performed using the pour plate method on Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA) medium. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the well diffusion method, while the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined through broth dilution and spread plate techniques. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results: Fourteen bacterial isolates were obtained, all of which were Gram-negative bacilli. Isolate 5.1 exhibited the highest inhibitory activity, with inhibition zone diameters of 16.06 mm against ESBL-producing E. coli (intermediate category) and 7.53 mm against S. Typhi (resistant category). The MIC value for active isolates was 5 mg/mL; however, no bactericidal effect was observed within the tested concentration range (5–10 mg/mL).

Conclusion: Peat soil bacteria demonstrated antibacterial potential, with three isolates showing activity against ESBL-producing E. coli and one isolate active against S. Typhi at 5 mg/mL. Further studies are required to identify the active compounds and elucidate their mechanisms of action.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ahmed, S. K., Hussein, S., Qurbani, K., Ibrahim, R. H., Fareeq, A., Mahmood, K. A., & Mohamed, M. G. (2024). Antimicrobial resistance: Impacts, challenges, and future prospects. Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health, 2, 100081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glmedi.2024.100081

Averhoff, B., Kirchner, L., Pfefferle, K., & Yaman, D. (2021). Natural transformation in Gram-negative bacteria thriving in extreme environments: from genes and genomes to proteins, structures and regulation. Extremophiles, 25(5–6), 425–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-021-01242-z

Bubonja-Šonje, M., Knežević, S., & Abram, M. (2020). Challenges to antimicrobial susceptibility testing of plant-derived polyphenolic compounds. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 71(4), 300–311. https://doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3396

Buzilă, E. R., Dorneanu, O. S., Trofin, F., Sima, C. M., & Iancu, L. S. (2025). Assessing Salmonella Typhi pathogenicity and prevention: the crucial role of vaccination in combating typhoid fever. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(9), 3981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26093981

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2021). M100 | Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 31st Edition. CLSI AST News Update, 1–23.

Gallo, G., & Aulitto, M. (2024). Advances in extremophile research: Biotechnological applications through isolation and identification techniques. Life, 14(9), 1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14091205

Holschbach, C. L., & Peek, S. F. (2018). Salmonella in dairy cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 34(1), 133–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.10.005

Hutchings, M. I., Truman, A. W., & Wilkinson, B. (2019). Antibiotics: past, present and future. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 51, 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2019.10.008

Ishak, A., Mazonakis, N., Spernovasilis, N., Akinosoglou, K., & Tsioutis, C. (2025). Bactericidal versus bacteriostatic antibacterials: clinical significance, differences and synergistic potential in clinical practice. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 80(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkae380

Klaus, J. R., Coulon, P. M. L., Koirala, P., Seyedsayamdost, M. R., Déziel, E., & Chandler, J. R. (2020). Secondary metabolites from the Burkholderia pseudomallei complex: structure, ecology, and evolution. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 47(9–10), 877–887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-020-02317-0

Liu, H., Qiu, S., Chen, M., Lyu, J., Yu, G., & Xue, L. (2022). A clinical prediction tool for extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae urinary tract infection. BMC Infectious Diseases, 22(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07040-y

Mahdiyah, D., Sari Darsono, P. V., Hidayah, N., & Mukti, B. H. (2025). Isolation of peat soil bacteria producing antimicrobial agents against Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium. Science, Engineering and Health Studies, 19, 25030002. https://doi.org/10.69598/sehs.19.25030002

Mahdiyah, D., Farida, H., Riwanto, I., Mustofa, M., Wahjono, H., Laksana Nugroho, T., & Reki, W. (2020). Screening of Indonesian peat soil bacteria producing antimicrobial compounds. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 27(10), 2604–2611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.05.033

Mahdiyah, D., Hidayah, N., Darsono, P. V., & Mukti, B. H. (2025). Discovery of a novel Lysinibacillus species from Indonesian peat soil with potent anti multidrug-resistant activity. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(2), 95–101. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2025.95.101

Mahdiyah, D., Mukti, B. H., Darsono, P. V., & Redjeki, D. S. S. (2026). A novel anti-MDR activity and in silico pharmacological profiling of 2,4-di-tertbutylphenol from Indonesian peat soil Lysinibacillus sp. against DNA gyrase. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences. https://doi.org/10.47278/journal.ijab/2026.014

Mashakhetri, K. D., Aishwarya, C. S., Prusty, T., & Bast, F. (2024). Secondary metabolites from extremophiles. In Trends in biotechnology of polyextremophiles (pp. 177–201). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55032-4_8

Pancu, D. F., Scurtu, A., Macasoi, I. G., Marti, D., Mioc, M., Soica, C., Coricovac, D., Horhat, D., Poenaru, M., & Dehelean, C. (2021). Antibiotics: Conventional therapy and natural compounds with antibacterial activity—a pharmaco-toxicological screening. Antibiotics, 10(4), 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040401

Vachvanichsanong, P., McNeil, E. B., & Dissaneewate, P. (2021). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae urinary tract infections. Epidemiology and Infection, 149, e12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268820003015

Vaisbourd, E., Glass, D. S., Yang, Y., Mayo, A., Bren, A., & Alon, U. (2025). Principles of bacteriostatic and bactericidal antibiotics at subinhibitory concentrations. MBio, 16(11). https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02066-25

Wilson, Z. E., & Brimble, M. A. (2009). ChemInform abstract: Molecules derived from the extremes of life. ChemInform, 40(18). https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200918263