Assosiation of maternal factors on stunting incidence in toddlers at Cempaka Inpatient Health Center, Banjarbaru
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71357/hsij.v3i2.69Keywords:
Stunting risk factors, Maternal risk factors, MUAC, Nutritional status, Early childhood developmentAbstract
Background: Stunting is a serious public health issue that affects children's physical and cognitive development, leading to long-term economic consequences. Despite various interventions, stunting prevalence remains high in Indonesia, particularly in areas with limited access to nutrition and healthcare. Maternal factors, including maternal age, nutritional status during pregnancy, and maternal height, are believed to play a crucial role in stunting incidence among children.
Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between maternal age during pregnancy, nutritional status based on mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), and maternal height with stunting incidence in toddlers in the working area of Cempaka Inpatient Health Center, Banjarbaru.
Method: A case-control study design was employed, involving 212 mothers with toddlers, divided into 106 cases (stunted toddlers) and 106 controls (normal toddlers). Data were collected through structured interviews and anthropometric measurements. The relationship between maternal factors and stunting incidence was analyzed using the Chi-Square test and Odds Ratio (OR) calculations, with a significance level of p<0.05.
Results: The findings revealed a significant association between maternal age and stunting incidence, where mothers of high-risk age (<20 years or >35 years) had 2.950 times higher odds of having stunted children (p=0.003). Maternal nutritional status, measured by MUAC <23.5 cm, was also significantly associated with stunting (OR=2.865; p=0.002). Additionally, maternal height <150 cm increased the risk of stunting by 3.143 times compared to mothers with a height ≥150 cm (p=0.001).
Conclusion: Maternal factors, including age, nutritional status during pregnancy, and height, significantly contribute to stunting incidence. Strengthening maternal health interventions focusing on adequate nutrition and optimal pregnancy planning is crucial to preventing stunting from an early stage.
Downloads
References
Adelbertha, Devi, N. C., Harahap, R. O., & Ningrum, A. G. (2022). The association of adolescent pregnancy with stunting incidence in child under five years old; Literatur review. Jurnal Sosial Sains, 2(11), 1241–1250. https://doi.org/10.36418/jurnalsosains.v2i11.518
Aminah, S., Mahmudiono, T., & Nadhiroh, S. R. (2024). Policy, intervention, and management in addressing stunting in children: A systematic review. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 28(10s), 348–357. https://doi.org/10.29063/ajrh2024/v28i10s.37
Aramico, B., Huriyati, E., & Dewi, F. S. T. (2020). Determinant factors of stunting and effectiveness of nutrition, information, education interventions to prevent stunting in the first 1000 days of life: A systematic review. Childhood Stunting, Wasting, and Obesity, as the Critical Global Health Issues: Forging Cross-Sectoral Solutions, 285–300. https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph-FP.03.30
Bayat Balkan, S. (2024). Nutrition in adolescence. In Obstetrics & Gynecology and Nutrition (pp. 1–16). Nobel Tip Kitabevleri. https://doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359494.1
Bhutta, Z. A., Lassi, Z. S., Bergeron, G., Koletzko, B., Salam, R., Diaz, A., McLean, M., Black, R. E., De‐Regil, L. M., Christian, P., Prentice, A. M., Klein, J. D., Keenan, W., & Hanson, M. (2017). Delivering an action agenda for nutrition interventions addressing adolescent girls and young women: priorities for implementation and research. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1393(1), 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13352
Chawada, B. L., Devaliya, J. J., & Kurian, S. (2024). Validity of “mid-upper arm circumference” as a parameter to identify undernourished children in rural Gujarat. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 49(3), 475–479. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_789_22
Christian, P. (2010). Maternal height and risk of child mortality and undernutrition. JAMA, 303(15), 1539. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.469
Correa-de-Araujo, R., & Yoon, S. S. (Sarah). (2021). Clinical outcomes in high-risk pregnancies due to advanced maternal age. Journal of Women’s Health, 30(2), 160–167. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2020.8860
Dayani, T. R., & Widyantari, K. Y. (2024). Maternal risk factors for stunting in children aged 24-59 months. International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS), 13(3), 1366. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v13i3.24156
Dehghani, S. M., Javaherizadeh, H., Heidary, M., Honar, N., Ataollahi, M., Ilkanipour, H., & Moravej, H. (2018). Stunting, wasting, and mid upper arm circumpherence status among children admitted to nemazee teaching hospital. Nutrición Hospitalaria. https://doi.org/10.20960/nh.1143
Dharmawati, A., Noor, H., & Yazidah Anwar, R. I. (2024). Application of stunting prevalence analysis based on the people's welfare survey in South Kalimantan [in Indonesia]. Technologia : Jurnal Ilmiah, 15(4), 688. https://doi.org/10.31602/tji.v15i4.15951
Fauziyah, N. F., & Putri, A. S. (2023). Low birth weight and chronic energy deficiency in the mother lead to stunting: a case-control study. International Journal of Health Science and Technology, 4(3), 279–284. https://doi.org/10.31101/ijhst.v4i3.2913
Ferreira, H. S., Moura, F. A., Cabral Júnior, C. R., Florêncio, T. M. M. T., Vieira, R. C., & de Assunção, M. L. (2008). Short stature of mothers from an area endemic for undernutrition is associated with obesity, hypertension and stunted children: A population-based study in the semi-arid region of Alagoas, Northeast Brazil. British Journal of Nutrition, 101(8), 1239–1245. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114508059357
French-O’Carroll, R., Seligman, K. M., & Traynor, A. J. (2024). Parturients of short stature. in Obstetric anesthesia and uncommon disorders (pp. 140–158). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009070256.012
Georgiadis, A., & Penny, M. E. (2017). Child undernutrition: opportunities beyond the first 1000 days. The Lancet Public Health, 2(9), e399. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30154-8
Haque, M. A., Choudhury, N., Farzana, F. D., Ali, M., Raihan, M. J., Ahmed, S. M. T., Rahman, S. S., Siddiqua, T. J., Faruque, A. S. G., & Ahmed, T. (2021). Determinants of maternal low mid‐upper arm circumference and its association with child nutritional status among poor and very poor households in rural Bangladesh. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 17(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13217
He, L., Yang, N., Wang, J., Huang, J., Li, W., Xu, L., Ping, F., Li, Y., & Zhang, H. (2021). Mid‐arm muscle and subcutaneous fat associated with all‐cause mortality independent of BMI: A prospective cohort study. Obesity, 29(7), 1203–1214. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.23179
Hidayah, N., & Fariana, Y. R. N. (2024). Lactation preparation for pregnant women to prevent stunting. Health Sciences International Journal, 2(2), 169–176. https://doi.org/DOI:https://doi.org/10.71357/hsij.v2i2.42
Istiningsih, T., & Riyanti, R. (2022). Maternal risk factors associated with stunting among toddlers aged 12–24 months at Mantangai Public Health Center, Kapuas District, Central Kalimantan Province [in Indonesia]. Malahayati Nursing Journal, 4(7), 1828–1838. https://doi.org/10.33024/mnj.v4i7.6673
James-Allan, L. B., Powell, T., & Jansson, T. (2024). Placental nutrient transport. In Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-21477-6.00085-7
Khasanah, U., Esyuananik, E., Laili, A. N., & Saadah, N. (2022). The effect of sensitive interventions on stunting reduction efforts. Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi, 10(3), 274–282. https://doi.org/10.20473/jbe.V10I32022.274-282
Kozuki, N., Katz, J., Lee, A. C., Vogel, J. P., Silveira, M. F., Sania, A., Stevens, G. A., Cousens, S., Caulfield, L. E., Christian, P., Huybregts, L., Roberfroid, D., Schmiegelow, C., Adair, L. S., Barros, F. C., Cowan, M., Fawzi, W., Kolsteren, P., Merialdi, M., … Black, R. E. (2015). Short maternal stature increases risk of small-for-gestational-age and preterm births in low- and middle-income countries: individual participant data meta-analysis and population attributable fraction. The Journal of Nutrition, 145(11), 2542–2550. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.216374
Kpewou, D. E., Poirot, E., Berger, J., Som, S. V., Laillou, A., Belayneh, S. N., & Wieringa, F. T. (2020). Maternal mid‐upper arm circumference during pregnancy and linear growth among Cambodian infants during the first months of life. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 16(S2). https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12951
Kurniati, A. (2024). Improving maternal and neonatal health outcomes: A comparative study of antenatal care interventions. Join: Journal of Social Science, 1(5), 371–384. https://doi.org/10.59613/36303r04
Kurniawati, A., Sujiyatini, & Saputro, N. T. (2022). Association of maternal age during pregnancy with stunting in children age 2-3 years. Informasi Dan Promosi Kesehatan, 1(2), 46–53. https://doi.org/10.58439/ipk.v1i2.17
Li, J., Li, Y., Duan, Y., Xiao, X., Luo, J., & Luo, M. (2023). Dose-response associations of maternal age with pregnancy complications and multimorbidity among nulliparas and multiparas: A multicentric retrospective cohort study in southern China. Journal of Global Health, 13, 04117. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.13.04117
Manggala, A. K., Kenwa, K. W. M., Kenwa, M. M. L., Sakti, A. A. G. D. P. J., & Sawitri, A. A. S. (2018). Risk factors of stunting in children aged 24-59 months. Paediatrica Indonesiana, 58(5), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.14238/pi58.5.2018.205-12
Mikhailova, O. I., Mirzabekova, D. D., Kan, N. E., & Tyutyunnik, V. L. (2021). Nutritional support in pregnancy: possibilities for the prevention of obstetric complications. Meditsinskiy Sovet = Medical Council, 3, 67–74. https://doi.org/10.21518/2079-701X-2021-3-67-74
Ministry of Health - Republic of Indonesia. (2023a). Stunting in Indonesia and its determinants. Minirstry Oh Health - Republic of Indonesia.
Ministry of Health - Republic of Indonesia. (2024b). Surveilans Gizi dan Kesehatan Keluarga. Minirstry Oh Health - Republic of Indonesia. https://sigizikesga.kemkes.go.id/login_sisfo/
Ministry of National Secretariat -Republic of Indonesia. (2024). National strategy for accelerating stunting prevention and reduction 2025–2029 [in Indonesia]. Ministry of National Secretariat -bRepublic of Indonesia.
Mishra, K., Bhatia, V., & Nayak, R. (2020). Association between mid-upper arm circumference and body mass index in pregnant women to assess their nutritional status. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 9(7), 3321. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_57_20
Mukti, B. H. (2025). Sample size determination: Principles and applications for health research. Health Sciences International Journal, 3(1), 127–143. https://doi.org/10.71357/hsij.v3i1.63
Mutalazimah, M., Wijaya, Y. A., & Suswardany, D. L. (2020). Energy, protein intake and mid-upper arm circumference in pregnant women in Boyolali Regency, Indonesia. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 16(SUPP6), 77–83.
O’Sullivan, J., Mahmood, H., Curry, R. A., & Frise, C. (2025). Pregnancy in a woman with extreme short stature and low body weight secondary to a collagen VI-related muscular dystrophy. Obstetric Medicine, 18(2), 123–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753495X231219298
Permatasari, M. Kes. , Dr. E., Leersia Yusi Ratnawati, Ni’mal Baroya, Globila Nurika, Farida Wahyu Ningtyias, & Andrei Ramani. (2022). Analysis of maternal risk factors associated with stunting-prone families [in Indonesia]. Media Gizi Indonesia, 17(1SP), 161–167. https://doi.org/10.20473/mgi.v17i1SP.161-167
Pugo, M. F., Banta, J. E., Grohar, A., Mataya, R., Egiebor, Q.-I., Avina, R., & Olivos, N. (2023). Risk factors for serious psychological distress among pregnant women and mothers with children less than one year of age: An evaluation of national health interview survey data (1997-2016). Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal, 42(1), 57–62.
Rufaridah, A., Dahlan, A., Komalasari, W., Marlia, S., & Oktariantiaskar, R. (2024). Improving understanding in preventing stunting in the first 1,000 days of life. Journal of Community Service and Application of Science, 1(2), 92–97. https://doi.org/10.62769/yy2wh371
Sani, M., Solehati, T., & Hendarwati, S. (2020). Hubungan usia ibu saat hamil dengan stunted pada balita 24-59 bulan. Holistik Jurnal Kesehatan, 13(4), 284–291. https://doi.org/10.33024/hjk.v13i4.2016
Sètondji Géraud Roméo, P., Mèdessè Véronique, T., Carmelle, M.-A., Badirou, A., & Paul, A. (2020). Prevalence and influence of maternal undernutrition on intra uterine growth restriction (IUGR) among beninese newborns. The Journal of Community Health Management, 5(3), 154–160. https://doi.org/10.18231/2394-2738.2018.0034
Shinsugi, C., Gunasekara, D., & Takimoto, H. (2020). Use of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) to predict malnutrition among Sri Lankan schoolchildren. Nutrients, 12(1), 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010168
Silva de Muzio Gripp, M., Carvalho Nogueira, L., Echenique Amorim, G., Carrijo Santos, M., & D’Lucca Carioca, M. (2023). Intrauterine growth restriction and risk factors associated in Brazil. International Seven Journal of Health Research, 2(4), 818–833. https://doi.org/10.56238/isevjhv2n4-031
Srinivas, P., Shashikala, V., Aparna, A., & Pavan, T. (2017). A study of impact of nutrition on targeted height among adolescent girls. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 16(07), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.9790/0853-1607012732
Swain, D., Begum, J., & Parida, S. P. (2021). Effect of preconception care intervention on maternal nutritional status and birth outcome in a low-resource setting: proposal for a nonrandomized controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols, 10(8), e28148. https://doi.org/10.2196/28148
United Nations Children’s Fund. (2023). Undernourished and overlooked: A global nutrition crisis in adolescent girls and women. United Nations. https://doi.org/10.18356/9789213626764
WHO. (2018). Reducing stunting in children: Equity considerations for achieving the Global Nutrition Targets 2025. WHO.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Indah Octaviani, Adriana Palimbo, Susanti Suhartati, Fitri Yuliana, Raudhatul Jannah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Health Sciences International Journal (HSIJ) © 2023 by Ananda Health and Education Foundation is licensed under Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
